The New Scramble for Critical Minerals: Who Pays for the Green Transition?
by Utkarsh Mishra
The global shift to clean energy depends heavily on minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elements. This article by Utkarsh Mishra examines how the extraction of these resources is reshaping economies and geopolitics while imposing significant environmental and social costs on communities in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from Congo, Indonesia and the Lithium Triangle of South America, it highlights issues of child labour, displacement, pollution, deforestation and water depletion. The article argues that a just energy transition requires stronger protections for workers, Indigenous communities and local ecosystems.